In technique these coinages varied widely: that of Italy was not without elegance that of Spain developed an elaborately stylized balance, depending largely on its bold letter forms the highly abstracted figures of Gallic coins have found great favour among 20th-century artists, while those of Africa and Britain were in general considered artistically inferior. Imperial prerogative, so powerful an influence on western gold, had less effect on silver, the types of which in the West became more flexible in bronze, where obvious efforts were at times made to link with traditional Roman design, flexibility was greater still. The types of the gold coins for some time reflected Byzantine prestige, showing a formalized portrait obverse and titles of the reigning Byzantine emperor, toward whom widespread respect was paid even when Western kings began to add their personal monograms to the normal Victory reverses. Emphasis on gold continued, with silver and some bronze gold chiefly served for the triens, or third ( 1/ 3 of the Constantinian solidus). In general, they took over the main features of late Roman coinage. Byzantine coinage, in its continuity, contrasted strongly with the often erratic monetary systems from the 5th to the 7th century in western Europe, where Germanic invaders inherited the apparatus, money included, of the Roman Empire. The fall of Roman power in the West left the gold currency of the Byzantine Empire undisturbed it was to become the most dominant single influence in European coinage for 1,000 years, competing at first with the gold of the Arab caliphates and later with that of the great Italian commercial republics as well. SpaceNext50 Britannica presents SpaceNext50, From the race to the Moon to space stewardship, we explore a wide range of subjects that feed our curiosity about space!Ĭoinage in western continental Europe, Africa, and the Byzantine Empire.Learn about the major environmental problems facing our planet and what can be done about them! Saving Earth Britannica Presents Earth’s To-Do List for the 21st Century.Britannica Beyond We’ve created a new place where questions are at the center of learning.100 Women Britannica celebrates the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment, highlighting suffragists and history-making politicians.COVID-19 Portal While this global health crisis continues to evolve, it can be useful to look to past pandemics to better understand how to respond today.Student Portal Britannica is the ultimate student resource for key school subjects like history, government, literature, and more.Demystified Videos In Demystified, Britannica has all the answers to your burning questions.This Time in History In these videos, find out what happened this month (or any month!) in history.#WTFact Videos In #WTFact Britannica shares some of the most bizarre facts we can find.Britannica Classics Check out these retro videos from Encyclopedia Britannica’s archives.Britannica Explains In these videos, Britannica explains a variety of topics and answers frequently asked questions.
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